This article is very informative.This paper explains about that the storage stabilities of fuel grade Camelina, sunflower and rapeseed methyl esters were evaluated in airtight and open containers.
Commercial amounts (200 litres) of the methyl esters were stored in airtight drums and sampled regularly, and the effects of air exposure were evaluated from sixteen days laboratory-scale accelerated storage tests at 65oC.
None of the methyl esters in airtight drums deteriorated during eighteen months of storage; composition, viscosity and free fatty acid levels remained unchanged. The accelerated storage test in open containers, however, indicated that exposure to air can cause rapid oxidation of each of the three methyl esters.
However, oxidation can be delayed by the presence of tocopherols (natural antioxidants) in the methyl ester, and it can be further delayed by the presence of an unidentified carotenoid. The exceptional stability of rapeseed methyl ester seems to be due to a combination of relatively high levels of (-tocopherol and the unidentified carotenoid.
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Thursday, July 16, 2009
Wednesday, July 15, 2009
Biodiesel Yields of Various Oilseeds
Here is an article on "Biodiesel Benefits for Cattle Producers" by Greg Lardy, Ph.D., prepared for the Western Organization of Resource Councils.He has given the list of projeted oil yields and biodiesel yields from various oilseeds.
1 all oil is extracted from the meal. 100 pounds of oil plus 10 pounds of methanol yields 100 pounds of biodiesel and 10 pounds of crude glycerol.
2 Assuming 7.3 pounds per gallon
full article here
| Oilseed | Fat content, % | Pounds of Oil per Ton | Pounds of Biodiesel 1 | Gallons of Biodiesel2 |
| Camelina | 40.4 | 808 | 808 | 110.7 |
| Canola | 40.5 | 810 | 810 | 111 |
| Mustard | 34.4 | 688 | 688 | 94.2 |
| Safflower | 32 | 640 | 640 | 87.7 |
| Sunflower | 41.9 | 838 | 838 | 114.8 |
| Soybeans | 19.2 | 384 | 384 | 52.6 |
1 all oil is extracted from the meal. 100 pounds of oil plus 10 pounds of methanol yields 100 pounds of biodiesel and 10 pounds of crude glycerol.
2 Assuming 7.3 pounds per gallon
full article here
Camelina - Fatty acids and tocopherol content.
Here is an interesting article about the Oil samples obtained from the seed of Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz were analyzed for the content of fatty acids and tocopherols.
The evaluation of the results in this report includes three promising cultivars from a collection of seven summer cultivars and varieties grown in field trials 1997 at five remote localities representing Central Europe, Northern Europe and Scandinavia (7–17° E, 48–60° N).
At all experimental sites identical cultivation practices with small modifications were used. The analyses reconfirmed the known specific profile of fatty acids in camelina oil.
The average content of oleic acid (18:1n−9) was 14.87 ±0.17%, linoleic acid (18:2n−6) 15.23 ±0.17%, α-linolenic acid (18:3n−3) 36.82 ±0.27%, gondoic acid (20:1n−9) 15.48 ±0.16% and of erucic acid (22:1n−9) 2.83 ±0.07%.
The analyses for tocopherols (T) revealed the average content of α-T at 28.07 ±2.58 ppm, γ-T 742 ±14.80 ppm, δ-T 20.47 ±0.92 ppm and of plastochromanol (P-8) 14.94 ±1.05 ppm. Neither β-T nor tocotrienols were detectable. The average content of total tocopherols was 806±15.70 ppm.
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The evaluation of the results in this report includes three promising cultivars from a collection of seven summer cultivars and varieties grown in field trials 1997 at five remote localities representing Central Europe, Northern Europe and Scandinavia (7–17° E, 48–60° N).
At all experimental sites identical cultivation practices with small modifications were used. The analyses reconfirmed the known specific profile of fatty acids in camelina oil.
The average content of oleic acid (18:1n−9) was 14.87 ±0.17%, linoleic acid (18:2n−6) 15.23 ±0.17%, α-linolenic acid (18:3n−3) 36.82 ±0.27%, gondoic acid (20:1n−9) 15.48 ±0.16% and of erucic acid (22:1n−9) 2.83 ±0.07%.
The analyses for tocopherols (T) revealed the average content of α-T at 28.07 ±2.58 ppm, γ-T 742 ±14.80 ppm, δ-T 20.47 ±0.92 ppm and of plastochromanol (P-8) 14.94 ±1.05 ppm. Neither β-T nor tocotrienols were detectable. The average content of total tocopherols was 806±15.70 ppm.
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Unique Properties of Camelina Oil
Camelina oil has good potential for food and industrial use. The oil contains about 64 percent polyunsaturated, 30 percent monounsaturated, and 6 percent saturated fatty acids. Importantly, camelina oil is very high in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an omega-3 fatty acid which is essential in human and animal diets and has important implications for human health. The oil also contains high levels of gamma-tocopherol (vitamin E) which confers a reasonable shelf life without the need for special storage conditions. The unique properties of camelina oil could lead to development of a wide array of high value markets for the oil and its components in foods, feeds, cosmetics and industrial products (biolubricants). Some ideas currently being researched include:
- Nutritional: Using camelina oil to increase the nutritional value of a range of baked foods such as bread, and spreads including peanut butter.
- Health: Potential health benefits of omega-3 from camelina oil are being evaluated in a breast cancer risk study for overweight or obese postmenopausal women.
- Biodiesel: Camelina biodiesel has been produced and evaluated by commercial biodiesel manufacturers including Core IV, Wyoming Biodiesel, Peaks and Prairies and Great Northern Growers. Camelina biodiesel performance appears to be equal in value and indistinguishable from biodiesel produced from other oilseed crops such as soybean.
- Biolubricant: Camelina oil can be converted to a wax ester that will replace more expensive and less available Jojoba waxes in a range of industrial and cosmetic products.
- Soil and seed amendments: The gum layer that surrounds each camelina seed can be removed and utilized as a seed coating for other seeds to improve their germination in challenging environments. Camelina gum also has the potential to be used as a soil amendment to stabilize exposed soils for erosion control as in road construction.
Miscanthus+ thermophillic bacteria = High hydrogen yield.
Given below is the summary of the research of efforts of efficient hydrogen production from the lignocellulosic energy crop Miscanthus by the extreme thermophilic bacteria.
Efficient hydrogen production in combination with simultaneous and complete utilization of all saccharides has been obtained during the growth of thermophilic bacteria on
hydrolysate of the lignocellulosic feedstock Miscanthus. The use of thermophilic bacteria will therefore significantly contribute to the energy efficiency of a bioprocess for hydrogen production from biomass.
For those of the scientific bent - Full article.
Efficient hydrogen production in combination with simultaneous and complete utilization of all saccharides has been obtained during the growth of thermophilic bacteria on
hydrolysate of the lignocellulosic feedstock Miscanthus. The use of thermophilic bacteria will therefore significantly contribute to the energy efficiency of a bioprocess for hydrogen production from biomass.
For those of the scientific bent - Full article.
Switch-grass vs Corn
Pimentel and Tad W. Patzek, professor of civil and environmental engineering at Berkeley, conducted a detailed analysis of the energy input-yield ratios of producing ethanol from corn, switch grass and wood biomass as well as for producing biodiesel from soybean and sunflower plants. Their report is published in Natural Resources Research (Vol. 14:1, 65-76).
In terms of energy output compared with energy input for ethanol production, the study found that:
# corn requires 29 percent more fossil energy than the fuel produced;
# switch grass requires 45 percent more fossil energy than the fuel produced; and
# wood biomass requires 57 percent more fossil energy than the fuel produced.
In terms of energy output compared with the energy input for biodiesel production, the study found that:
# soybean plants requires 27 percent more fossil energy than the fuel produced, and
# sunflower plants requires 118 percent more fossil energy than the fuel produced.
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In terms of energy output compared with energy input for ethanol production, the study found that:
# corn requires 29 percent more fossil energy than the fuel produced;
# switch grass requires 45 percent more fossil energy than the fuel produced; and
# wood biomass requires 57 percent more fossil energy than the fuel produced.
In terms of energy output compared with the energy input for biodiesel production, the study found that:
# soybean plants requires 27 percent more fossil energy than the fuel produced, and
# sunflower plants requires 118 percent more fossil energy than the fuel produced.
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Arunda.donax in Rajasthan.
The dry matter production, nutrient concentration and allelopathic effects of A. donax were studied in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. A. donax preferred to grow along the marginal upland areas of natural wetlands flooded temporarily during rainy season.
Its woody rhizome formed a close network in the soil at a depth of approximately 25-30 cm, while its thick tough roots penetrated at a depth of >1.0 m into the soil. It was a highly productive species.
Annual cutting after flowering improved plant growth and organic matter production. Studies on nutrient dynamics revealed slight internal cycling. A. donax stand soil markedly inhibited the growth of Typha angustata (an important obnoxious weed) seedlings, whereas its leaf and litter leachates retarded the growth of selected free floating and submerged hydrophytes. The applications of these findings in the management of freshwater ecosystems are discussed.
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Its woody rhizome formed a close network in the soil at a depth of approximately 25-30 cm, while its thick tough roots penetrated at a depth of >1.0 m into the soil. It was a highly productive species.
Annual cutting after flowering improved plant growth and organic matter production. Studies on nutrient dynamics revealed slight internal cycling. A. donax stand soil markedly inhibited the growth of Typha angustata (an important obnoxious weed) seedlings, whereas its leaf and litter leachates retarded the growth of selected free floating and submerged hydrophytes. The applications of these findings in the management of freshwater ecosystems are discussed.
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